Kratom and Other Mitragynines : The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source, PDF eBook

Kratom and Other Mitragynines : The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source PDF

Edited by Robert B. Raffa

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Opioids such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are extracts or analogs isolated from a single source: the opium poppy.

For a long time, it was believed to be nature's only source of opioids.

But it now appears that biological diversity has evolved an alternative source of opioid compounds-those derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa.

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